1. Kev Taw Qhia
Thaum lub xov tooj sib txuas lus xa cov teeb liab siab, cov neeg hlau yuav tsim cov teebmeem ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab nrog rau qhov nce ntawm qhov zaus ntawm cov teeb liab xa mus, cov teebmeem ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav loj dua thiab loj dua. Qhov hu ua cov teebmeem ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog hais txog kev xa cov teeb liab raws qhov chaw sab nraud ntawm tus neeg hlau sab hauv thiab qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm tus neeg hlau sab nraud ntawm tus neeg hlau coaxial cable thaum qhov zaus ntawm cov teeb liab xa mus txog ntau kilohertz lossis kaum tawm txhiab hertz.
Tshwj xeeb, nrog rau tus nqi tooj liab thoob ntiaj teb nce siab thiab cov peev txheej tooj liab hauv xwm tau dhau los ua qhov tsawg dua, yog li kev siv cov hlau tooj liab lossis cov hlau tooj liab los hloov cov hlau tooj liab, tau dhau los ua ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam tsim hlau thiab cable, tab sis kuj rau nws txoj kev txhawb nqa nrog kev siv qhov chaw ua lag luam loj.
Tab sis cov hlau hauv cov tooj liab plating, vim yog kev kho ua ntej, ua ntej plating nickel thiab lwm yam txheej txheem, nrog rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj plating, yooj yim los tsim cov teeb meem thiab qhov tsis zoo hauv qab no: hlau dub, ua ntej plating tsis zoo, lub ntsiab plating txheej tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ua rau muaj cov hlau pov tseg, cov khoom pov tseg, yog li cov nqi tsim khoom nce ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev kom ntseeg tau tias qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem. Daim ntawv no feem ntau tham txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev tsim cov hlau tooj liab-clad los ntawm electroplating, nrog rau cov laj thawj ntawm cov teeb meem zoo thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev daws teeb meem. 1 Cov txheej txheem hlau tooj liab-clad thiab nws cov laj thawj
1. 1 Kev kho ua ntej ntawm cov hlau
Ua ntej, cov hlau raug muab tso rau hauv alkaline thiab pickling kua, thiab qee qhov voltage yog siv rau cov hlau (anode) thiab lub phaj (cathode), lub anode precipitates ntau ntawm cov pa oxygen. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa roj no yog: ib qho, cov npuas dej ua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau hlau thiab nws cov electrolyte nyob ze ua lub zog ua kom muaj kev co thiab stripping, yog li txhawb cov roj los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau hlau, ua kom cov roj thiab roj sai dua; qhov thib ob, vim yog cov npuas me me txuas rau qhov sib txuas ntawm cov hlau thiab cov kua, nrog cov npuas thiab hlau hlau tawm, cov npuas yuav lo rau cov hlau hlau nrog ntau cov roj rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kua, yog li ntawd, ntawm cov npuas yuav coj ntau cov roj lo rau cov hlau hlau rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kua, yog li txhawb kev tshem tawm cov roj, thiab tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis yooj yim los tsim cov hydrogen embrittlement ntawm anode, yog li ntawd ib qho plating zoo tuaj yeem tau txais.
1. 2 Plating ntawm cov hlau
Ua ntej, cov hlau raug kho ua ntej thiab ua ntej plated nrog nickel los ntawm kev muab nws tso rau hauv cov tshuaj plating thiab siv qee qhov voltage rau cov hlau (cathode) thiab lub phaj tooj liab (anode). Ntawm lub anode, lub phaj tooj liab poob cov electrons thiab tsim cov ions tooj liab divalent dawb hauv lub dab dej electrolytic (plating):
Cu – 2e → Cu2+
Ntawm cathode, cov hlau hlau yog electrolytically re-electronised thiab cov divalent tooj liab ions raug tso rau ntawm cov hlau los tsim cov hlau tooj liab-clad:
Cu2 + + 2e→ Cu
Cu2 + + e→ Cu +
Cu + + e→ Cu
2H + + 2e → H2
Thaum cov kua qaub hauv cov tshuaj plating tsis txaus, cuprous sulphate yooj yim hydrolyzed los ua cuprous oxide. Cov cuprous oxide raug kaw hauv txheej plating, ua rau nws xoob. Cu2SO4 + H2O [Cu2O + H2SO4
I. Cov Cheebtsam Tseem Ceeb
Cov xov hluav taws xob sab nraum zoov feem ntau muaj cov xov hlau liab qab, lub raj xoob, cov khoom thaiv dej, cov khoom txhawb zog, thiab lub plhaub sab nraud. Lawv muaj ntau yam qauv xws li kev tsim lub raj nruab nrab, txoj hlua txheej, thiab cov qauv pob txha.
Cov fibers liab qab yog cov fibers optical thawj nrog lub cheeb ntawm 250 micrometers. Lawv feem ntau suav nrog cov txheej tseem ceeb, txheej cladding, thiab txheej txheej. Cov fibers liab qab sib txawv muaj cov txheej tseem ceeb sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov fibers OS2 ib hom feem ntau yog 9 micrometers, thaum cov fibers multimode OM2/OM3/OM4/OM5 yog 50 micrometers, thiab cov fibers multimode OM1 yog 62.5 micrometers. Cov fibers liab qab feem ntau yog xim-coded rau kev sib txawv ntawm cov fibers ntau-core.
Cov raj xa dej feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov yas PBT uas muaj zog heev thiab siv los pab cov fibers liab qab. Lawv muab kev tiv thaiv thiab puv nrog cov gel thaiv dej kom tiv thaiv dej nkag uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov fibers puas tsuaj. Cov gel kuj ua haujlwm ua lub buffer los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm fiber los ntawm kev cuam tshuam. Cov txheej txheem tsim cov raj xa dej yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias cov fiber ntau dhau.
Cov khoom siv thaiv dej suav nrog cov roj nplaum thaiv dej ntawm cov xov hlau, cov xov hlau thaiv dej, lossis cov hmoov thaiv dej. Yuav kom txhim kho lub peev xwm thaiv dej ntawm cov xov hlau, txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb yog siv cov roj nplaum thaiv dej.
Cov khoom siv ua kom muaj zog muaj ob hom hlau thiab hom tsis yog hlau. Cov hlau feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau phosphated, cov kab xev txhuas, lossis cov kab xev hlau. Cov khoom tsis yog hlau feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv FRP. Txawm hais tias siv cov khoom siv dab tsi los xij, cov khoom no yuav tsum muaj lub zog tsim nyog los ua kom tau raws li cov qauv, suav nrog kev tiv taus kev nruj, kev khoov, kev cuam tshuam, thiab kev ntswj.
Cov ntaub thaiv sab nraud yuav tsum xav txog qhov chaw siv, suav nrog kev tiv thaiv dej, tiv taus UV, thiab tiv taus huab cua. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv PE dub feem ntau siv, vim nws cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj zoo heev ua kom haum rau kev teeb tsa sab nraum zoov.
2 Qhov ua rau muaj teeb meem zoo hauv cov txheej txheem plating tooj liab thiab lawv cov kev daws teeb meem
2. 1 Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev kho ua ntej ntawm cov hlau rau ntawm txheej plating Kev kho ua ntej ntawm cov hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb heev hauv kev tsim cov hlau tooj liab-clad los ntawm electroplating. Yog tias cov roj thiab oxide zaj duab xis ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau tsis raug tshem tawm tag nrho, ces cov txheej nickel ua ntej-plated tsis tau plated zoo thiab kev sib txuas tsis zoo, uas thaum kawg yuav ua rau cov txheej tooj liab plating tseem ceeb poob tawm. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom saib xyuas qhov concentration ntawm cov kua alkaline thiab pickling, cov pickling thiab alkaline tam sim no thiab seb cov twj tso kua mis puas zoo li qub, thiab yog tias lawv tsis yog, lawv yuav tsum tau kho sai sai. Cov teeb meem zoo hauv kev kho ua ntej ntawm cov hlau hlau thiab lawv cov kev daws teeb meem tau qhia hauv Rooj.
2. 2 Qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov kua ua ntej-nickel ncaj qha txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej ua ntej-plating thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm kev plating tooj liab. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tsis tu ncua tshuaj xyuas thiab kho qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua nickel ua ntej-plated thiab xyuas kom meej tias cov kua nickel ua ntej-plated huv thiab tsis muaj kuab paug.
2.3 Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj plating tseem ceeb rau txheej plating Cov tshuaj plating muaj tooj liab sulphate thiab sulfuric acid ua ob yam khoom, qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov sib piv ncaj qha txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm txheej plating. Yog tias qhov concentration ntawm tooj liab sulphate siab dhau, cov siv lead ua los ntawm tooj liab sulphate yuav raug precipitated; yog tias qhov concentration ntawm tooj liab sulphate qis dhau, cov hlau yuav yooj yim hlawv thiab qhov ua haujlwm plating yuav raug cuam tshuam. Sulphuric acid tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab tam sim no ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj electroplating, txo qhov concentration ntawm tooj liab ions hauv cov tshuaj electroplating (tib yam ion effect), yog li txhim kho cathodic polarization thiab kev tawg ntawm cov tshuaj electroplating, yog li qhov txwv tam sim no nce ntxiv, thiab tiv thaiv hydrolysis ntawm cuprous sulphate hauv cov tshuaj electroplating mus rau hauv cuprous oxide thiab nag lossis daus, ua rau kom muaj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuaj plating, tab sis kuj txo qhov anodic polarization, uas yog qhov zoo rau kev yaj ib txwm ntawm anode. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov ntsiab lus sulfuric acid siab yuav txo qhov solubility ntawm tooj liab sulphate. Thaum cov sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj plating tsis txaus, tooj liab sulphate yooj yim hydrolyzed rau hauv cuprous oxide thiab encapred nyob rau hauv lub txheej plating, xim ntawm lub txheej yuav tsaus thiab xoob; thaum muaj ntau dhau ntawm sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj plating thiab cov ntsev tooj liab tsis txaus, cov hydrogen yuav raug tso tawm ib feem hauv cathode, yog li ntawd qhov chaw ntawm lub txheej plating zoo li tsis muaj xim. Cov phosphorus tooj liab phaj phosphorus cov ntsiab lus kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau qhov zoo ntawm lub txheej, cov phosphorus cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau tswj hwm hauv qhov ntau ntawm 0.04% txog 0.07%, yog tias tsawg dua 0.02%, nws nyuaj rau tsim ib zaj duab xis los tiv thaiv kev tsim cov tooj liab ions, yog li ua rau cov hmoov tooj liab hauv cov tshuaj plating nce ntxiv; yog tias cov phosphorus cov ntsiab lus ntau dua 0.1%, nws yuav cuam tshuam rau kev yaj ntawm tooj liab anode, yog li cov ntsiab lus ntawm bivalent tooj liab ions nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj plating txo qis, thiab tsim ntau ntawm anode av nkos. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lub phaj tooj liab yuav tsum tau ntxuav tas li kom tiv thaiv cov anode sludge los ntawm kev ua qias tuaj rau cov tshuaj plating thiab ua rau muaj roughness thiab burrs hauv txheej plating.
3 Xaus Lus
Los ntawm kev ua cov txheej txheem saum toj no, qhov kev sib txuas thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom zoo, qhov zoo ruaj khov thiab kev ua tau zoo heev. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tiag tiag, muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej plating hauv cov txheej txheem plating, thaum pom qhov teeb meem, nws yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam thiab kawm raws sijhawm thiab yuav tsum tau ua cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog los daws nws.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Rau Hli-14-2022